DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS : PACK – 01

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS

Answer all questions: 

1. Mention the five guiding principles proposed by NCF 2005?

¢ connecting knowledge to life outside the school,

• ensuring that learning is shifted away from rote methods,

• enriching the curriculum to provide for overall development of children rather than remain

textbook centric,

• making examinations more flexible and integrated into classroom life and,

• nurturing an over-riding identity informed by caring concerns within the democratic polity of

the country.

2. Write the common source of physical discomfort to students as per NCF2005?

Common sources of physical discomfort

• Long walks to school.

• Heavy school bags.

• Lack of basic infrastructure, including support books for reading and writing.

• Badly designed furniture that gives children inadequate back support and cramps their legs and knees.

• Time tables that do not give young children enough breaks to stretch, move and play, and that deprive olderchildrenofplay/sportstime, and encourage girls to opt out.

• Especially for girls, the absence of toilets and sanitary requirements.

• Corporal punishment—beating, awkward physical postures.

 3. Explain briefly Critical Pedagogy?

   Critical pedagogy provides an opportunity to reflect critically on issues in terms of their political, social, economic and moral aspects. It entails the acceptance of multiple views on social issues and a commitment to democratic forms of interaction. This is important in view of the multiple contexts in which our schools function. A critical framework helps children to see social issues from different perspectives and understand how such issues are connected to their lives. For instance, understanding of democracy as a way of life can be chartered through a path where children reflect on how they regard others (e.g. friends, neighbours, the opposite sex, elders, etc.), how they make choices (e.g. activities, play, friends, career, etc.), and how they cultivate the ability to make decisions. Likewise, issues related to human rights, caste, religion and gender can be critically reflected on by children in order to see how these issues are connected to their everyday experiences, and also how different forms of inequalities become compounded and are perpetuated. Critical pedagogy facilitates collective decision making through open discussion and by encouraging and recognizing multiple views. 

4. Mention the recommendations of NCF2005 on language education?

 • Language teaching needs to be multilingual not only in terms of the number of languages offered to children but also in terms of evolving strategies that would use the multilingual classroom as a resource.

• Home language(s) of children, as defined above in 3.1, should be the medium of learning in schools.

• If a school does not have provisions for teaching in the child’s home language(s) at the higherlevels, primary school education must still be covered through the home language(s). It is imperative that we honour the child’s home language(s). According to Article 350A of our Constitution, ‘It shall be the endeavour of every State and of every local authority within the State to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups’.

• Children will receive multilingual education from the outset. The three-language formula needs to be implemented in its spirit, promoting multilingual communicative abilities for a multilingual country.

• In the non-Hindi-speaking states, children learn Hindi. In the case of Hindi speaking states, children learn a language not spoken in their area. Sanskrit may also be studied as a Modern Indian Language (MIL) in addition to these languages.

• At later stages, study of classical and foreign languages may be introduced. 

5. Write the vision for curriculum for school mathematics / Science/ Art education / Social science / Physical education?

 Vision for School Mathematics

• Children learn to enjoy mathematics rather than fear it.

• Children learn important mathematics:

Mathematics is more than formulas and mechanical procedures.

• Children see mathematics as something to talk about, to communicate through, to discuss among

themselves, to work together on.

• Children pose and solve meaningful problems. Children use abstractions to perceive relation-ships, to see structures, to reason out things, to argue the truth or falsity of statements.

• Children understand the basic structure of Mathematics: Arithmetic, algebra, geometry and trigonometry, the basic content areas of school Mathematics, all offer a methodology for abstraction, structuration and generalisation.

• Teachers engage every child in class with the conviction that everyone can learn mathematics.

 3.6 HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION

It is widely acknowledged that health is influenced by biological, social, economic, cultural and political forces. Access to basic needs like food, safe drinking water supply, housing, sanitation and health services influences the health status of a population, and these are reflected through mortality and nutritional indicators. Health is a critical input for the overall development of the child, and it influences enrolment, retention and school completion rates significantly. This curriculum area adopts a holistic definition of health within which physical education and yoga contribute to the physical, social, emotional and mental development of a child  

Science

• Content, process and language of science teaching must be commensurate with the learner’s age-range and cognitive reach.

• Science teaching should engage the learners in acquiring methods and processes that will nurture their curiosity and creativity, particularly in relation to the environment.

• Science teaching should be placed in the wider context of children;s environment to equip them with the requisite knowledge and skills to enter the world of work.

• Awareness of environmental concerns must permeate the entire school curriculum.

Social Sciences

• Social science content needs to focus on conceptual understanding rather than lining up facts to be memorised for examination, and should equip children with the ability to think independently and reflect critically on social issues.

• Interdisciplinary approaches, promoting key national concerns such as gender, justice, human rights, and sensitivity to marginalised groups and minorities.

• Civics should be recast as political science, and the significance of history as a shaping influence on the children’s conception of the past and civic identity should be recognised.

 

Art

• Arts (folk and classical forms of music and dance, visual arts, puppetry, clay work, theatre, etc.) and heritage crafts should be recognised as integral components of the school curriculum.

• Awareness of their relevance to personal, social, economic and aesthetic needs should be built among parents, school authorities and administrators.

• The arts should comprise a subject at every stage of school education. 

6.  Explain Peace education as proposed by NCF2005 and its suggestions?

   11.62 page

Suggestions for Peace Activities

√ Set up special clubs and reading rooms in schools that concentrate on peace news and events that violate the norms of social justice and equality.

√ Compile a list of films — documentaries and feature films— that promote the values of justice and peace. Screen them from time to time in schools.

√ Co-opt the media as a stakeholder in education for peace. Invite influential journalists and editors to address children. Ask for space in news papers and journals for children’s views to be published at least once a month.

√ Celebrate the cultural and religious diversity of India in schools.

√ Organise programmes to promote an attitude of respect and responsibility towards women.

 7. Explain the principles of CRC? (Convention on the Right of Children)

India has signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). The three most important principles of this Convention are the rights to participation, to √ Inclusive education is about embracing all.

√ Disability is a social responsibility — accept it.

√ No selection procedures to be adopted for denying admission to learners with disabilities.

√ Children do not fail, they only indicate failure of the school.

√ Accept difference… celebrate diversity.

√ Inclusion is not confined to the disabled. It also means non-exclusion.

√ Learn human rights … conquer human wrongs.

√ Handicap is a social construct, deconstruct handicap.

√ Make provisions — not restrictions; adjust to the needs of the child.

√ Remove physical, social and attitudinal barriers.

√ Partnership is our strength such as school – community; school – teachers; teachers – teachers; teachers – children; children – children; teachers – parents; school systems and outside systems.

√ All good practices of teaching are practices of inclusion.

√ Learning together is beneficial for every child.

√ Support services are essential services.

√ If you want to teach, learn from the child. Identify strengths not limitations.

√ Inculcate mutual respect and inter-dependence

 8. Mention the Vision of NCF on teacher education?

5.2.2 Vision for Teacher Education . Teacher education must become more sensitive to the emerging demands from the school system. For this it must prepare the teacher for the roles of being an:

• encouraging, supportive and humane facilitator in teaching-learning situations to enable learners (students) to discover their talents, realise their physical and intellectual potentialities to the fullest, and to develop character and desirable social and human values to function as responsible citizens; and

• active member of a group of persons who makes a conscious effort for curricular renewal so that it is relevant to changing societal needs and the personal needs of learners.

108 To be able to realise this vision, teacher education must comprise the following features to enable student-teachers to :

• understand the way learning occurs and to create plausible situations conducive to learning.

• view knowledge as personal experiences constructed in the shared context of teaching learning, rather than embedded in the external reality of textbooks.

• be sensitive to the social, professional and administrative contexts in which they need to operate.

• develop appropriate competencies to be able to not only seek the above-mentioned understanding in actual situations, but also be able to create them.

• attain a sound knowledge base and proficiency in language.

• identify their own personal expectations, perceptions of self, capacities and inclinations.

• consciously attempt to formulate one’s own professional orientation as a teacher in situation-specific contexts.

• view appraisal as a continuous educative process.

• develop an artistic and aesthetic sense in children through art education.

• address the learning needs of all children, including those who are marginalised and disabled.

• In the context of change perspective, it is imperative to pursue an integrated model of teacher education for strengthening the professionalisation of teachers.

• develop the needed counselling skills and competencies to be a ‘facilitator’ for and

 9. How NCF recommends in reducing Stress and enhancing success in X an XII public examinations?

Reducing Stress and Enhancing Success in the X and XII Public Examinations Shift from content based testing to problem solving and competency based testing, content based testing induces bad pedagogy and rote learning, both of which cause stress during examinations. Basic tables and formulae could be provided to reduce emphasis on memory and focus on analysis, evaluation and application. Shift towards examinations of shorter duration with flexible time in which 25 to 40 per cent is for short answer type questions and the remaining for well designed multiple choice questions. 90 per cent of all students taking the examination should be able to complete the paper and  review/revise the same.

√ Better conduct examinations in student’s own school or near by school. Malpractices could be minimized by having invigilation teams from others schools.

√ Postponement of examination should be avoided under all circumstances.

√ Permit students to appear in as many subjects as they are prepared for and complete the board certification requirements within a three-year window. The boards could work towards ‘ondemand’examinations, in which students can take as and when they feel prepared.

√ Eliminate the terminology of ‘pass’-‘fail’; indicate lack of adequate        ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂproficiency through re-examination or reappear or retake recommended’ √ Board should conduct re-examination immediately after announcement of results to enable students needing retake in one or two subjects to move to the next stage without losing a year.

√ Subjects such as Mathematics and English could be examined at two levels; standard and higher level. In the long term all subjects could be offered at two levels with students doing at least three/two of the six at standard level and the remaining three/ four at higher level.

√ Examination with a ‘flexible time limit’ can be an effective way to reduce stress among children.

√ Guidance and Counselling be made available in schools to deal with stress related problems and to guide students, parents and teachers to lessen thestudents stress. Helplines in boards can also help students and parents.

 10.Explain the ideas of NCF in the use of technology?

 5.5.3 The Use of Technology

The judicious use of technology can increase the reach of educational programmes, facilitate management of the system, as well as help address specific learning needs and requirements. For instance, mass media can be used to support teacher training, facilitate classroom learning, and be used for advocacy. Possibilities of teaching and learning at varied paces, self-learning, dual modes of study, etc. could all benefit from the use of technology, particularly ICT. The increasing use of the Internet has enabled the sharing of information and provided space for debate and dialogue on diverse issues hitherto unavailable on such a scale. Technological innovations are also necessary for appropriate equipment and aids for meeting the learning requirements of children with special needs. What needs to be underscored is that technology could be integrated with the larger goals and processes of educational programmes rather than viewed in isolation or as an add-on. In this context, technological use that turns teachers and children into mere consumers and technology operators needs to be reviewed and discouraged. Interaction and intimacy are key to quality education, and this cannot be compromised as a principle in any curricular intervention.

DESCRIPTVE QUESTIONS

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

BANGALORE REGION

Assessment of Knowledge / Familiarity of Teachers on NCF – 2005 

            Time: 2 hours            Date: 7^th July 2009         Max marks: 100

PART – II (75 marks)

1. There are 25 questions in this section.
2. Each question carries 3 marks.
3. Answer each question in about 50 words.

1. What are the broad aims of education identified in NCF-2005? List any three.
2. List any three guiding principles for curriculum development proposed by NCF-2005.
3. What specific measures (with reference to examinations) are suggested by NCF-2005 to find a remedy for the growing problem of psychological pressure that children and their parents experience?
4. Why does NCF-2005 say that “we need to give our children some taste of understanding”?
5. In addition to languages, mathematics, science and social sciences, NCF-2005 draws attention to four other curricular areas. List these areas.
6. Why should we link learning with work from the primary stage upwards?

7. According to NCF-2005 what should be the goal of art education?

8.  NCF-2005 recommended inclusion of Peace education as an area of study in the curriculum for teacher education. Comment.

9. NCF-2005 opens with a quotation from an essay by Rabindranath Tagore. Analyse this quotation in about 50 words.

10.  List any six position papers which form part of NCF-2005.

11. What, according to NCF-2005, is ‘Child centered’ pedagogy?

12. What is learning from the perspective of Constructivism?

13. What is the role of teacher in relation to the process of knowledge construction by children?

14. What steps should be taken to make classroom activities effective?

15. What are the capabilities that children possess that form the broad basis for the development and understanding of values and skills?

16. What guidelines are given for the teaching of languages in schools by NCF-2005?

17. What are the recommendations ( by NCF-2005) with reference to language evaluation?

18. What life skills need to be developed in children for dealing with the demands and challenges of everyday life?

19.  List out the suggestions given by NCF-2005 for encouraging reading.

20. Enumerate some problems in school Mathematics education

21. What are ‘narrow’ and ‘higher’ aims of school mathematics?

22. What should be the vision for school Mathematics?

23. What are the challenges that we face in the implementation of IT / CS curricula in schools?

OR

23 What are the recommendations of NCF-2005 regarding the physical environment of the school?

24. ‘Good science education is true to the child, true to life and true to science’. This simple observation led to some basic criteria of validity of a science curriculum. Outline some of these.

OR

24. What should be the objectives, content, pedagogy and assessment for different stages of the curriculum for teaching of science / evs ?

25.  What did the National Focus Group on the Teaching of the Social Sciences propose?

OR

25. What kind of methods should be adopted in the teaching of social sciences?

 

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS – ANSWER KEY

Part-II

Model answers are given below.

Weightage may be given to related points too.

1. What are the broad aims of education identified in NCF-2005? List any three.

(i) Independence of thought and action,

(ii) Sensitivity to others’ well-being and feelings,

(iii) Learning to respond to new situations in a flexible and creative manner,

(iv) Predisposition towards participation in democratic processes, and

(v) The ability to work towards and contribute to economic processes and social change.

1. List any three guiding principles for curriculum development proposed by NCF-2005.

(i) Connecting knowledge to life outside the school;

(ii) Ensuring that learning shifts away from rote methods;

(iii) Enriching the curriculum so that it goes beyond textbooks;

(iv) Making examinations more flexible and integrating them with classroom life;

(v) Nurturing an overriding identity informed by caring concerns within the democratic polity of the country.

1. What specific measures (with reference to examinations) are suggested by NCF-2005 to find a remedy for the growing problem of psychological pressure that children and their parents’ experience?

Specific measures include changing the typology of the question paper so that reasoning and creative abilities replace memorization as the basis of evaluation, and integration of examinations with classroom life by encouraging transparency and internal assessment

1. Why does NCF-2005 say that “we need to give our children some taste of understanding”?

They would be able to learn and create their own versions of knowledge as they go out to meet the world of bits, images and transactions of life.  Such a taste would make the present of our children wholesome, creative and enjoyable; they would not be traumatized by the excessive burden of information that is required merely for a short time before the examination

1. In addition to languages, mathematics, science and social sciences, NCF-2005 draws attention to four other curricular areas. List these areas.

1. Work,

2. The arts and heritage crafts,

3. Health and physical education, and

4. Peace.

1. Why should we link learning with work from the primary stage upwards?

 Work transforms knowledge into experience and generates important personal and social values, such as self-reliance, creativity and cooperation.  It also inspires new forms of knowledge and creativity.

7. According to NCF-2005 what should be the goal of art education?

The goal of art education is to promote

• Aesthetic and personal awareness and
• The ability to express oneself in different forms.
• Appreciate the importance of India’s heritage crafts, both in terms of their economic and aesthetic values

.

8. NCF-2005 recommended inclusion of Peace education as an area of study in the curriculum for teacher education. Comment.

Peace as a precondition for national development and as a social temper is proposed as a comprehensive value framework that has immense relevance today in view of the growing tendency across the world towards intolerance and violence as a way of resolving conflicts. The potential of peace education for socializing children into a democratic and just culture can be actualized through appropriate activities and a judicious choice of topics in all  subjects and at all stages.

.

9. NCF-2005 opens with a quotation from an essay by Rabindranath Tagore. Analyze this quotation in about 50 words.

      The poet reminds us that a ‘creative spirit’ and ‘generous joy’ are keys in 

      childhood, both of which can be distorted by an unthinking adult world.

10. List any six position papers which form part of NCF-2005

(i) Teaching of Science

(ii) Teaching of English

(iii) Teaching of Mathematics

(iv) Teaching of social sciences

(v)Teaching of languages

(vi)Curriculum, syllabus and text books

Or any 6 of the remaining position papers.

11. What, according to NCF-2005, is ‘Child centered’ pedagogy?

Giving primacy to children’s experiences, their voices and their active participation.

12. What is learning from the perspective of Constructivism?

Learning is a process of construction of knowledge. Learners actively construct their own knowledge by connecting new ideas to existing ideas on the basis of materials / activities presented to them as experience.

13. What is the role of teacher in relation to the process of knowledge construction by children?

(i) Allowing children to ask questions.

(ii) Helping / guiding children to relate what they are learning in school to things happening outside.

(iii) Encouraging children to answer in their own words and from their own experiences.

(iv) Encouraging intelligent guessing as a valid pedagogic tool.

 14. What steps should be taken to make classroom activities effective?

Establish class room culture for activities.

Establish rules that govern the use of space and use of materials.

Planning  in advance.

15. What are the capabilities that children possess that form the broad basis for the development and understanding of values and skills?

Language, forming and relating shapes, capability for work and action.

16. What guidelines are given for the teaching of languages in schools by NCF-2005?

Language teaching needs to be multilingual not only in terms of the number of languages offered to children but also in terms of evolving strategies that would use the multilingual classroom as a resource.

Home language(s) of children should be the medium of learning in schools.

If a school does not have provisions for teaching in the child’s home language(s) at the higher levels, primary school education must still be covered through the home language(s).

The three-language formula needs to be implemented in its spirit, promoting multilingual communicative abilities for a multilingual country.

In the non-Hindi-speaking states, children learn Hindi. In the case of Hindi speaking states, children learn a language not spoken in their area. Sanskrit may also be studied as a Modern Indian Language (MIL) in addition to these languages.

17. What are the recommendations (by NCF-2005) with reference to language evaluation?

Language evaluation need not be tied to “achievement” with respect to particular syllabi, but must be reoriented to the measurement of language proficiency. Evaluation is to be made an enabling factor for learning rather than an impediment.

18. What life skills need to be developed in children for dealing with the demands and challenges of everyday life?

Development of life skills such as critical thinking skills, interpersonal communication skills, negotiation/ refusal skills, decision making/ problem-solving skills, coping and self-management skills are very critical for dealing with the demands and challenges of everyday life.

19.  List out the suggestions given by NCF-2005 for encouraging reading.

The classroom needs to provide a print-rich environment, displaying signs,

charts, work-organizing notices, etc. that promote ‘iconic’ recognition of the written symbols, in addition to teaching letter-sound correspondences.

There is a need for imaginative input that is read by a competent reader with appropriate gestures, dramatization, etc.

Writing down experiences narrated by children, and then having them read the written account.

Reading of additional material: stories, poems, etc.

First-generation school goers must be given opportunities to construct their own texts and contribute self-selected texts to the classroom.

20. Enumerate some problems in school Mathematics education.

1. A majority of children have a sense of fear and failure regarding Mathematics. Hence, they give up early on, and drop out of serious mathematical learning.

2. The curriculum is disappointing not only to this non-participating majority, but also to the talented minority by offering them no challenges.

3. Problems, exercises and methods of evaluation are mechanical and repetitive, with too much emphasis on computation. Areas of Mathematics such as spatial thinking are not developed enough in the curriculum.

4. Teachers lack confidence, preparation and support.

21. What are ‘narrow’ and ‘higher’ aims of school mathematics?

The narrow aim of school mathematics is to develop ‘useful’ capabilities, particularly those relating to numeracy–numbers, number operations, measurements, decimals and percentages. The higher aim is to develop the child’s resources to think and reason mathematically, to pursue assumptions to their logical conclusion and to handle abstraction. It includes a way of doing things, and the ability and the attitude to formulate and solve problems.

22. What should be the vision for school Mathematics?

Children learn to enjoy mathematics rather than fear it.

• Children learn important mathematics: Mathematics is more than formulas and mechanical procedures.

• Children see mathematics as something to talk about, to communicate through, to discuss among them, to work together on.

• Children pose and solve meaningful problems.

Children use abstractions to perceive relation-ships, to see structures, to reason out things, to argue the truth or falsity of statements.

• Children understand the basic structure of Mathematics: Arithmetic, algebra, geometry and trigonometry, the basic content areas of school Mathematics, all offer a methodology for abstraction, structuration and generalization.

• Teachers engage every child in class with the conviction that everyone can learn mathematics.

23. What are the challenges that we face in the implementation of IT / CS curricula in schools?

The paucity of technology resources for computer science. It is absurd to teach computer science (let alone computer usage) without access to computing resources.

Providing computer access and connectivity for all children is a tremendous  technological and economic challenge.

we need to address this infrastructure challenge seriously and explore viable and innovative alternatives with regard to hardware, software and connectivity technologies appropriate for rural and urban Indian schools.

OR

 

23. What are the recommendations of NCF-2005 regarding the physical environment of the school?

A place that is colourful, friendly, and peaceful, with lots of open space offering with small nooks and corners, animals, plants, flowers, trees, and toys. In order to attract and retain children, the school environment must have all these elements in and around them.

Classrooms can be brightened up by first ensuring adequate natural light inside and then made lively by displaying children’s work on the classroom walls as well as in different parts of the school.

Drawings, art and craftwork put up on the walls and shelves send out a powerful message to children and their parents that their work is appreciated. These must be displayed at locations and heights that are physically and visually comfortably accessible to children of various ages.

All schools must have playgrounds for outdoor learning activities

24. ‘Good science education is true to the child, true to life and true to science’. This simple observation led to some basic criteria of validity of a science curriculum:. Outline some of these.

1. Cognitive validity requires that the content, process, language and pedagogical practices of the curriculum are age appropriate, and within the cognitive reach of the child.

2. Content validity requires that the curriculum must convey significant and correct scientific information. Simplification of content, which is necessary for adapting the curriculum to the cognitive level of the learner, must not be so trivialized as to convey something basically flawed and/or meaningless.

3. Process validity requires that the curriculum should engage the learner in acquiring the methods and processes that lead to the generation and validation of scientific knowledge and nurture the natural curiosity and creativity of the child in science. Process validity is an important criterion since it helps the student in ‘learning to learn’ science.

4. Historical validity requires that the science curriculum be informed by a historical perspective, enabling the learner to appreciate how the concepts of science evolve over time. It also helps the learner to view science as a social enterprise and to understand how social factors influence the development of science.

5. Environmental validity requires that science be placed in the wider context of the learner’s environment, local and global, enabling him/her to appreciate the issues at the interface of science, technology and society, and equipping him/her with the requisite knowledge and skills to enter the world of work.

6. Ethical validity requires that the curriculum promote the values of honesty, objectivity,

cooperation, and freedom from fear and  prejudice, and inculcate in the learner a concern for life and preservation of the environment.

OR

 

24. What should be the objectives, content, pedagogy and assessment for different stages of the curriculum for teaching of science / evs ?

At the primary stage, the child should be engaged in joyfully exploring the world around and harmonizing with it. The objectives at this stage are to nurture the curiosity of the child about the world (natural environment, artifacts and people), to have the child engage in exploratory and hands-on activities for acquiring the basic cognitive and psychomotor skills through observation, classification, inference, etc.; to emphasize design and fabrication, estimation and measurement as a prelude to the development of

technological and quantitative skills at later stages; and to develop basic language skills: speaking, reading and writing not only for science but also through science. Science and social science should be integrated as ‘environmental studies’ as at present, with health as an important component. Throughout the primary stage, there should be no formal periodic tests, no awarding of grades or marks, and no detention.

At the upper primary stage, the child should be engaged in learning the principles of  science through familiar experiences, working with hands to design simple technological units and modules (e.g. designing and making a working model of a windmill to lift weights) and continuing to learn more about the  environment and health, including  reproductive and sexual health, through activities and surveys. Scientific concepts are to  be arrived at mainly from activities and experiments. Science content at this stage is not  to be regarded as a diluted version of secondary school science. Group activities,  discussions with peers and teachers, surveys, organisation of data and their display through exhibitions, etc. in schools and the neighbourhood should be important  components of pedagogy. There should be continuous as well as periodic assessment (unit tests, term-end tests). The system of ‘direct’ grades should be adopted. There should be no detention.

At the secondary stage, students should be engaged in learning science as a composite discipline, in working with hands and tools to design more advanced technological modules than at the upper primary stage, and in activities and analyses on issues concerning the environment and health, including reproductive and sexual health. Systematic experimentation as a tool to discover/verify theoretical principles, and working on locally significant projects involving science and technology, are to be  important parts of the curriculum at this stage. At the higher secondary stage, science should be introduced as separate disciplines, with emphasis on experiments/technology and problem solving The curriculum load should be rationalised to avoid the steep  gradient between secondary and higher secondary syllabi. At this stage, the core topics of a discipline, taking into account recent advances in the field, should be identified carefully and treated with appropriate rigour and depth. The tendency to cover a large number of topics of the discipline superficially should be avoided.

25. What did the National Focus Group on the Teaching of the Social Sciences propose?

Textbooks themselves should be seen as opening up avenues for further enquiry, and students should be encouraged to go beyond the textbook to further reading and observation

OR

25. What kind of methods should be adopted in the teaching of social sciences?

methods that promote creativity, aesthetics, and critical perspectives,

methods that enable children to draw relationships between past and present, to understand changes taking place in society.

Problem solving, dramatisation and role play are some hitherto underexplored strategies that could be employed.